Life is uncertain. None of us know what is going to happen. We know little of what has happened in the past or is happening now outside our immediate experience. Uncertainty has been called the ...

In the real world, probability is a tough thing to characterize. If I roll a die, what does it mean to say that it has a one-sixth chance of coming up 5? We say that the outcome is random because we ...

dxxx(x,) returns the density or the value on the y-axis of a probability distribution for a discrete value of x pxxx(q,) returns the cumulative density function (CDF) or the area under the curve to ...

Abstract: In this letter, we derive the exact joint probability density function (pdf) of the amplitude and phase of the product of two correlated non-zero mean complex Gaussian random variables with ...

Abstract: We derive the exact probability density functions (pdf) and distribution functions (cdf) of a product of n independent Rayleigh distributed random variables. The case n=1 is the classical ...

1 Department of Control Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and ...