Bypass pipes, accompanied by a three-way control valve, are often seen in hydronic systems at both served loads (e.g., reheat coils) as well as at primary equipment (e.g., cooling towers). Reasons for ...

The vapor-compression cycle has four stages (compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation) and one ultimate goal: converting refrigerant into a state that makes it useful as a heat transfer ...

Directional-control valves are vital in any pneumatic circuit, directing or blocking airflow to control the speed or sequence of operations. One method of classifying directional-control valves is by ...