Calculating returns from your stock portfolio can be a tricky matter, especially if some of your holdings pay dividends, or you make frequent deposits and withdrawals from your account. With Excel and ...

Nick Lioudis is a writer, multimedia professional, consultant, and content manager for Bread. He has also spent 10+ years as a journalist. Yarilet Perez is an experienced multimedia journalist and ...

Daniel Jassy, CFA, is an Investopedia Academy instructor and the founder of SPYderCRusher Research. He contributes to Excel and Algorithmic Trading. Return on investment (ROI) measures the amount of ...

A stock's historical variance measures the difference between the stock's returns for different periods and its average return. A stock with a lower variance typically generates returns that are ...

Randomly selected samples from a larger population prevent bias in statistical procedures while avoiding the hassle of dealing with the entire dataset. If you have a list of entries to pick from in ...

Many advisers seldom — if ever — take the time to determine the return of investments on their own. Often, they will rely on third-party calculations for the average annualized performance of funds ...

Stock's historical variance measures its return stability over time. Higher variance indicates greater return unpredictability and risk. Calculate variance using Excel to simplify the process for ...