When designing metal parts, it's important to specify their hardness. However, many engineers have only a shaky understanding of what hardness actually is, or how it's measured. There are good reasons ...

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Hardness Testing is applied to a great number of materials, and for over 250 years, it has been an invaluable and frequently used mechanical test. A variety of hardness tests can be used to establish ...

A material’s hardness relates to its mechanical resistance when subjected to mechanical indentation by another harder body. Diamond is considered the hardest natural material and is typically used for ...

File this under 'That's not supposed to happen!'. In an experiment published in 2023, scientists observed a damaged section of metal healing itself. Though the repair was only on a nanoscale level, ...

Heavy metals like zinc -- which are present in industrial effluents when they are released into water bodies -- can accumulate in fishes, causing toxicity. Korean scientists studied the changes in ...

Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www ...