An autonomous expenditure describes the components of an economy's aggregate expenditure that are not impacted by that same economy's real level of income.

In macroeconomics, there are two types of expenditures that factor into the equation to determine equilibrium gross national product. The first is autonomous expenditures that fall outside our ...

The following conclusions can be derived from the consideration of the economic implications of unproductive public expenditures. All countries can increase public expenditure productivity by ...